TRANSFORMATION IN ENGLISH ASSERTIVE - INTERROGATIVE-EXCLAMATORY

 

                 Transformation of Sentences

bijan sir 

• Transformation শব্দটির অর্থ হলো রুপান্তর। সুতরাং, যেকোন এক ধরণের Sentence কে অন্য ধরণের Sentence এ রুপান্তর করাই হলো Transformation of Sentences। তবে রুপান্তরের সময় আমাদের খেয়াল রাখতে হবে যেন Sentence এর মূল ভাব পরিবর্তন না হয়।

• অর্থাৎ sentence টি negative হবে কিন্তু অর্থের কোন পরিবর্তন হবে।
• অর্থ, গঠন, Degree, হ্যা/না প্রকাশ ইত্যাদির উপর ভিত্তি করে  Sentence কে বিভিন্ন ভাবে সাজানো যায়, তাই Transformation of Sentences ও বিভিন্ন ধরণের হয়ে থাকে।
• Affirmative to Negative:
• Rule 1 : কোন affirmative sentence এ যদি only বা alone থাকে এবং  negative করতে বলা হয়, তাহলে only বা alone দ্বারা যদি ব্যক্তি বুঝানো হয়, তাহলে None but বসবে, বস্তু বুঝানো হলে Nothing but বসবে এবং বয়স বা সংখ্যা বুঝানো হলে not less than বা  not more than বসবে। এক্ষেত্রে not more/less Than যে কোন একটি বসালেই হবে।
• Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
• Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
• Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
• Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
• Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
• Negative: None but they can do the work.
• Rule 2:
• Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।
• Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
• Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
• Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
• Negative: We can not but obey our parents.
• Affirmative:
• He  Must visit the flood affected people of this village.
Negative:
• He cannot but visit  the flood affected people of this village.
• Negative:
• He cannot help visiting  the flood affected people of this village.
• Rule 3:
• Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but + প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।
• Affirmative: You must care them.
• Negative: You can not help caring them.
• Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
• Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
• Affirmative: Every person hankers after the happiness in life.
• Negative:There is no person but hankers after the happiness in life.
• Affirmative:Every action has a reaction in this world.
• Negative:There is no action without
• a reaction in this world.
• Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
• Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.
• Rule 4:
• As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে-
• As soon as এর পরিবর্তে no sooner had বসবে + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর Sub বসবে+ সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অংশ বসে + Comma উঠে গিয়ে Than বসবে + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য টি সম্পুর্ন বসে যাবে।
• Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
• Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.
• Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.
• Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.
• Rule 5:
• কোন Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত sentence এর প্রথমে Auxiliary verb এর সাথে not বসবে।যদি Auxiliary  verb না থাকে, তাহলে present indefinite tense  এ sub যদি 1st,2nd ও 3rd person plural number হয় do বসবে কিন্তু  3rd person singular number হলে does বসবে।past indefinite tense হলে did বসবে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative form বসাতে হয়।  বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
• Affirmative: He is a good man.
• Negative: He is not a bad man.
• Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
• Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
• Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
• Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
• Rule 6:
• Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।আর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
• Affirmative: He was always punctual.
• Negative: He was never late.
• Affirmative: I always tell truth.
• Negative: I never tell lie.
• Affirmative: The student is always late in his class.
• Negative: The student is never punctual  in his class.
• .Rule 7:
• Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• প্রথমে No other(The থাকলে )/Very few(one of the থাকলে)বসবে + superlative degree  এর পরের অংশ বসবে+ verb বসবে(no other হলে verb এর singular form এবং very few হলে verb এর  plural form বসবে) + as/so বসবে + superlative degree এর positive form + as বসবে+ প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.
• Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.
• Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
• Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
• Rule 8:
• Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb + so/as বসে + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
• Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.
• Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.
• Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
• Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
• Rule 9:
• Than most other/than few other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb  এর plural form বসবে + so/as বসবে + comparative degree এর positive form + as বসবে+ প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Rule 10:
• Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Than এর শেষের অংশ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person অনুযায়ী বসবে) + নত বসবে (Sentence টি যদি Affirmative  হয় not বসবে কিন্তু negative হলে not বসবে না+ so/as বসবে+ comparative degree এর positive form বসবে+ as বসবে + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is stronger than you.
• Negative: You are not as/so strong as him.
• Affirmative: I am taller than you.
• Negative: You are not as tall as me.
• Rule 11:
• As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less বসবে এবং শেষের as এর পরিবর্তে than বসে।
• Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.
• Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.
• Affirmative: He is as good as you.
• Negative: He is not less good than you.
• Affirmative:The tiger is as fast as the lion.
• Negative:The tiger is not less fast than the lion.
• Rule 12:
• Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Less এর পরিবর্তে not as বসবে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে as বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.
• Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.
• Affirmative: You are less good than he said.
• Negative: You are not as good as he said.
• Rule 12:
• Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Too এর পরিবর্তে so বসবে + Too এর পরের adjective/adverb বসবে +to  এর পরিবর্তে  that বসবে + পনুরায় subject বসে। + tense অনুযায়ী can not/could not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অংশ বসে।
• Note: Present tense /Future tense হলে can not বসবে এবং past tense হলে could not বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
• Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.
• Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
• Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out.
• Rule 13
• কোন affirmative Sentence যদি and, both………. And থাকে এবং negative করার কথা বলা হয়, negative করার সময় প্রথমে Not Only………… but also বসবে।
• Affirmative :Both Rajib and Nazir are best friends.
• Negative :Not only Rajib but also Nazir are best friends.
• Affirmative: Both Rony and your brother broke the tree last night.
• Negative:Not only Rony but also your brother broke the tree last night.
• Note: এখানে তোমাদের ‘not only’এবং 'but also’এর অবস্থান খেয়াল করতে হবে যদি'not only’বাক্যের subject এর পূর্বে বসে তবে 'but also’ ও subject এর পূর্বে বসবে এবং একই নিয়ম verb ও object এর বেলায় প্রযোয্য হবে।এককথায় তোমাকে‘not only’এবং 'but also’
• এর  সমান অবস্থান অনুসরন করতে হবে।
• Rule 14:
• কোন affirmative sentence কে negative করার সময় যদি  negative করার মত কোন শব্দ বা ইংগিত না থাকে বা চিরন্তন সত্য বুঝানো হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে sentence টি কে negative interrogative করতে হবে।এই ক্ষেত্রে সবার শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Affirmative :I go to school.
• Negative :Don’t I go to school ?
• Rule 15:
• Affirmative Sentence এ “Sometimes” থাকলে Negative Sentence করার সময় Sometimes এর পরিবর্তে Always  এবং তার পূর্বে not বসে।
• Affirmative: My friend sometimes visits me
• Negative: My friend does not always visit me
• Affirmative: A day labourer is sometimes happy
• Negative: A day labourer is not always happy.
• Rule No 16:
• “Many” যুক্ত কোন Affirmative Sentence কে Negative করতে হলে many এর পরিবর্তে “not a few” বসে।
• Affirmative: There are many students in the class
• Negative: There are not a few students in the class.
• Rule No 17:
• A few যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে A few এর পরিবর্তে not many বসে।
• Affirmative: I have a few friends
• Negative: I have not many friends.
• Rule No 18:
• “A little” যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে A little  এর পরিবর্তে “not much” বসে।
• Affirmative: I have a little money. .
• Negative: I have not much money.
• Rule : 19
• “Much” যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে much এর পরিবর্তে “not a little” বসে।
• Affirmative: He has much money.
• Negative: He has not a little money..

• PRACTICE [AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE]
• Only the meritorious will get the job.
• Rishad was alone alive in the accident.
• I bought only a few chocolates for my son.
• He has only two handsets.
• We must obey our elders.
• All men must die.
• He is too weak to walk.
• The freedom fighters are both honorable and remembered.
• As soon as I got the job, I informed my friends.
• Every man wants to be crowned of success.
• A patriot is respected by all.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• Knowledge is power.
• I have a few friends.
• He had many friends but they did not come to assist him at his rainy day.
• There is a little water in the glass.
• Mr. Susan has much popularity in the society.
• Man is mortal.
• Dhaka is an old city.
• Anupoma is strong in English.
• Mutton chop was the cheapest dish in the menu.
• He is respected by all.
• The Titanic was regarded unsinkable.
• The case is favored to me.
• I wrote the answers correctly.
• Health is wealth.
• He can succeed in life.
• Everybody knows it.
• It lives together.
• But the cook told him that this duck had only one leg.
• He is the best player.
• Day-to-day life in Dhaka is expensive.
• Only Faiaz can do this.
• The widow has only two goats of her own.
• Every man wishes to be happy.
• Every patriot loves his country.
• I shall remember you.
• He is kind to me.
• I must go here.
• She acted foolishly.
• None should deny the truth.
• She is never inattentive.
• Nobody believes a liar.
• Never tell a lie.
• Faiaz is as tall as Arpi
• Prepared by BIJAN MONDAL
• Contact :gmbijan1@gmail.com
                  • Assertive to Interrogative
• Rule 1: কোন Assertive Sentence কে Interrogative  করার সময় প্রথমে Auxiliary verb টি কে সামনে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে, Tense অনুযায়ী present indefinite tense  এ subject 1st,2nd & 3th person plural number  হলে do বসবে কিন্তু subject যদি 3th person singular number হয় does বসবে।Sentence টি affirmative হলে auxiliary verb  এর সাথে not (n't)বসবে। Sentence টি negative হলে not উঠে যাবে। বাকি অংশ বসবে।সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে।
• Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t,aren’t (am’t) হয়.
• Assertive – He is in the school.
• Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
• Assertive – You can do the work.
• Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
• Assertive – He is not in the school.
• Interrogative – Is he in the school?
• Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
• Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
• Assertive – He played good football.
• Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
• Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
• Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?
• Rule 2:
•
• Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয়,No থাকলে any এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে do, does এবং did আনতে হয়। সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
• Assertive – You never play football.
• Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
• Assertive – I have nothing to do?
• Interrogative – Have I anything to do?
• Rule 3:Assertive sentence এর subject যদি nothing হয়, তাহলে interrogative করার সময় nothing এর পরিবর্তে what বসে।সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
• Interrogative – What can ruin him?
• Rule 4:
• Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ  পরিবর্তন করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t/can't /couldn’t /haven’t /hasn’t  বসবে+ verb এর present  form + verb এর পরের অংশ + সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক ? চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
• Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
• Rule 5:
• Nobody/none/no one যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় –
• Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
• Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
• Assertive – No one can beat him.
• Interrogative – Who can beat him?
• Voice
Voice হচ্ছে ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি যার মাধ্যমে বোঝা যায় যে কোন বাক্যের subject কাজটি করছে/করেছে/করবে নাকি কাজটি subject দ্বারা করা হচ্ছে/হয়েছে/হবে।
ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভাব বা ধরন কে voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশের ধরনেই বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
  অথবা Voice হচ্ছে verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু করে বা অন্যের কাজ নিজের ওপর এসে পড়ে। 

                                                • Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule 1: কোন Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory করার সময়
a,প্রথমে What/How বসবে( যদি assertive sentence এ verb এর  পর Article a/an থাকে,তাহলে What  বসবে এবং a/an  না থাকলে How বসবে)
b, adjective +পরের word বসবে
c,Subject বসবে
 d,verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে)
e,Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে।
Note :Assertive sentence এ যদি very অথবা great থাকে, Exclamatory sentence এ রুপান্তর করার সময় very অথবা great উঠে যাবে।
Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
Rule 2:
Assertive sentence এ যদি wish থাকে Exclamatory করার সময় শুরুতে Subject +wish উঠে গিয়ে if/had বসে +বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Rule 3:
Assertive sentence এ যদি desire থাকে, Exclamatory sentence করার সময় শুরুতে o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে।
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.
Rule 4: Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of joy that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of joy that এর পরিবর্তে Hurrah বসবে +Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Exclamatory:Hurrah! my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that I pass the examination.
Exclamatory :Hurrah ! I pass the examination.
Rule 5:  Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of sorrow that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of sorrow that এর পরিবর্তে Alas বসবে + Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that my friend cannot do well in the examination.
Exclamatory: Alas! My friend cannot do well in the examination.
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that I lost my mobile.
Exclamatory :Alas! I lost my mobile.

                             Exclamatory to assertive
Rule 1:
Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -
প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Rule 2:
Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
Rule 3:
If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Assertive – I wish I could fly
.
Rule 4:
প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king!
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.
Rule 6:
প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.
Rule 7:
প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.
Rule 8:
প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Rule 9:
প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.