TYPES OF SENTENCES

 

Kinds of Sentences

According to function, sentences can be classified into four kinds:

1. declarative,
2. interrogative,
3. imperative,
4. exclamatory.

On the other hand, sentences can also be classified according to their structure, dividing them into three kinds:

1.      simple,2. compound,3. complex.

function

1. Declarative sentences

These sentences state some facts. They are also called assertive sentences.  We put a full stop at the end of a declarative sentence. 

এই বাক্যগুলো কিছু তথ্য তুলে ধরে। এগুলিকে দৃঢ় বাক্যও বলা হয়। আমরা একটি ঘোষণামূলক বাক্য শেষে একটি পূর্ণ বিরতি রাখা( FULL STOP . )

For example,

1. I study in Class VII.
2. Ravi likes to play cricket.
3. Mahima is cleaning her car.

Declarative sentences are of two kinds – affirmative or positive, and negative.

For example,

1. I can play the guitar. (positive)
2. I cannot play the guitar. (negative)

2. Interrogative sentences

These sentences ask questions. We put a question mark(‘?’) at the end of an interrogative sentence. 

এই বাক্যগুলো প্রশ্ন করে। আমরা একটি প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের শেষে একটি প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন ('?') রাখি।

For example,

1. When will you come to Delhi?
2. Did you like the film?

Interrogative sentences are of four kinds.

a. Yes/no questions 

These are questions that need either a yes or a no answer.

এই প্রশ্নগুলির একটি হ্যাঁ বা না একটি উত্তর প্রয়োজন

For example,

• Are you American?
• No, I am not.
• Do you like ice cream?
• Yes, I do.

b. Wh questions 

These are questions that are asked using question words such as who, whom, what, when, where, why, how, which, or whose. 

এগুলি এমন প্রশ্ন যা প্রশ্ন শব্দ ব্যবহার করে জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয় যেমন কে, কাকে, কী, কখন, কোথায়, কেন, কীভাবে, কোনটি বা কার।

For example,

• What is your name?
• Where do you live?

c. Tag questions 

These are interrogative fragments that are added at the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence to form questions. 

এগুলি হল জিজ্ঞাসাবাদমূলক খণ্ড যা একটি ঘোষণামূলক বা একটি বাধ্যতামূলক বাক্যের শেষে যোগ করা হয় প্রশ্ন গঠনের জন্য।

For example,

• Your pet loves you, doesn’t it?
• They haven’t slept off, have they?

Note: Usually, an affirmative statement has a negative tag and a negative statement has an affirmative tag.

d. Choice Questions 

These are questions that provide a choice. The answer to the choice question is in the question itself. 

এগুলি এমন প্রশ্ন যা একটি পছন্দ প্রদান করে। পছন্দের প্রশ্নের উত্তর প্রশ্নের মধ্যেই রয়েছে।

For example,

• Would you like to go to Singapore or Bali?

3. Imperative sentences

These sentences express a request, a command, or a piece of advice.

এই বাক্যগুলি একটি অনুরোধ, একটি আদেশ বা উপদেশ প্রকাশ করে।

For example,

1. Obey your parents and your teachers.
2. Please make some coffee for me.
3. You may take the metro upto Rajiv Chowk.

4. Exclamatory sentences

These sentences express sudden emotions and feelings. We put an exclamation mark at the end of exclamatory sentences. 

এই বাক্যগুলি আকস্মিক আবেগ এবং অনুভূতি প্রকাশ করে। আমরা বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্যগুলির শেষে একটি বিস্ময় চিহ্ন রাখি।

For example,

• What a lovely idea it is!
• How beautiful the parrot is!

 

 

Kinds of Sentences According to Structure

According to structure, sentences can be classified into three kinds.

1. Simple sentences

A simple sentence has only one independent clause. It has a subject and a verb and conveys complete sense. 

একটি সাধারণ বাক্যে শুধুমাত্র একটি স্বাধীন ধারা আছে। এটির একটি বিষয় এবং একটি ক্রিয়া আছে এবং সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।

For example,

• I am happy.
• She is learning to swim.
• Father bought a new car.

2. Compound sentences

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. The independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction- for, and, nor, but, or, yet or so. 

একটি যৌগিক বাক্যে দুটি বা ততোধিক স্বাধীন ধারা থাকে। স্বাধীন ধারাগুলি একটি সমন্বয়কারী সংযোগ দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়- জন্য, এবং, না, কিন্তু, বা, এখনও বা তাই।

For example,

• I like tea, but she likes coffee.
• She was tired, so she went off to sleep.

Note:  You can remember the seven coordinating conjunctions by remembering the following acronym: FANBOYS. 

In the acronym, F stands for, A stands for and, N stands for nor, B stands for but, O stands for or, Y stands for yet and S stands for so. She went to the station and bought tickets for the trip.

Remember

The part of a sentence that can stand alone and convey complete sense is called the main, or the independent, clause. 

একটি বাক্যের যে অংশটি একা দাঁড়াতে পারে এবং সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে তাকে প্রধান, বা স্বাধীন, ধারা বলা হয়।

For example,

• She came to my house and went off to sleep.

In this sentence, both the parts (She came to my house + (She) went off to sleep) are independent clauses because both these parts convey complete sense and are independent of each other. The part of a sentence that is dependent on the other part is called the subordinate, or the dependent, clause. 

For example,

• Marina had left before I could reach Jisha’s house.

In this sentence, Marina had left can stand independently and be a sentence on its own. But I could reach Jisha’s house cannot stand alone as a complete sentence on its own.

3. Complex sentences

A complex sentence has an independent clause and one or more dependent clause /clauses. The two clauses are joined by a subordinating conjunction such as because, that, when, until, though, although, or while. 

For example,

• She went out for a walk although it was raining.
• Mary left early because she had to catch a flight early in the morning.
• The train had left before I reached the station.

***BIJAN SIR*** SUJAPUR